Energy Storage on the Grid

Long Duration Energy Storage Systems: Compressed Air, Pumped Storage, NaS Batteries, Advanced Lead Acid Batteries, Flow Batteries, and Lithium Ion Batteries for Utility-Scale Storage: Market Analysis and Forecasts

Long-duration or bulk energy storage on the grid (ESG) is by far the largest market for energy storage, and until recently was the only market. Advances in next-generation pumped storage, compressed air energy storage, and advanced batteries have multiplied the technology options available for ESG at the same time that the applications for ESG are also increasing. Pike Research has identified five key applications for ESG over the next 10 years: grid asset optimization, wind integration, solar integration, arbitrage, and the deferral of new transmission and distribution capacity additions.

Rapidly changing energy mixes and increasingly volatile load profiles will challenge grid operators to deliver reliable and secure electricity, encouraging demand for ESG over the next decade. Two key industry issues – business models and the supply chain – will determine how successfully the industry will scale up and fully commercialize these emerging technologies. Pike Research forecasts that, starting from a very low base in 2012, the total capacity of ESG systems worldwide will surpass 14,000 megawatts by 2022.

This Pike Research report analyzes the global market for long-duration energy storage and forecasts the amount and revenue associated with this rapidly changing market using an application-driven forecast. The report provides a comprehensive assessment of the demand drivers, business models, policies, and technology issues associated with the ESG market. Key industry players are profiled in depth, and worldwide revenue and capacity forecasts, segmented by technology and region, extend through 2022.

Key Questions Addressed:
  • What are the critical industry issues facing the energy storage sector?
  • How fast will the market grow and what are the key demand drivers?
  • What are the key countries/regions for ESG going forward and what are the key drivers, barriers, and opportunities for ESG in those markets?
  • What are the estimated installed energy storage and power output costs for the primary ESG technologies?
  • How large will the market be, in terms of MW and revenue, by application and region, in 2022?
  • How will the market segment in key regions by technology and application?
  • Who are the key players in the ESG market?
Who needs this report?
  • Energy storage technology providers
  • Energy storage service providers and integrators
  • Transmission and distribution equipment suppliers
  • Battery manufacturers and component providers
  • Renewable energy technology providers
  • Renewable energy project developers
  • Utilities
  • Government agencies
  • Investor community

Table of Contents

1. Executive Summary

1.1   Introduction

1.2   Key Market Conditions

1.3   Industry Issues

1.4   Market Forecast

2.     Market Issues

2.1   Introduction

2.2   Defining the Market

2.2.1     Applications: Defining Value

2.2.1.1     Grid Asset Optimization

2.2.1.2     Arbitrage

2.2.1.3     Renewables Integration for Both Wind and Solar

2.2.1.4     Transmission and Distribution Deferral

2.3   Supply-side Issues: Business Models and Supply Chain

2.4   ESS Segmentation

2.5   Key Market Conditions

3.     Regional Analysis

3.1   Regional Analysis: United States

3.1.1     Advanced Research Projects Agency-Energy Funding for Energy Storage

3.1.2     Federal Wind Funding

3.1.3     State Renewable Portfolio Standards

3.1.4     California: AB 2514

3.1.5     Regulatory Environment

3.1.5.1     Pay for Performance

3.2   Regional Analysis: Europe

3.2.1     Energy Mix

3.2.2     Investment in Infrastructure

3.2.3     Natural Gas Prices and Energy Market Structures

3.3   Regional Analysis: Asia Pacific

3.3.1     Korea

3.3.1.1     NRE

3.3.1.2     Smart Grid Program

3.3.2     China

4.     Technology Issues

4.1   Compressed Air Energy Storage

4.1.1     Overview

4.2   Pumped Storage

4.3   Advanced Batteries: The Basics

4.3.1     Battery Management Systems

4.3.2     Balance of System

4.3.3     Hybrid Battery Systems

4.4   Advanced Batteries: Chemistries

4.4.1     Advanced Lead-carbon Batteries

4.4.1.1     Market Status & Costs

4.4.1.2     Ideal Applications

4.4.2     Sodium Sulfur Batteries

4.4.2.1     Market Status & Costs

4.4.2.2     Ideal Applications

4.4.3     Flow Batteries

4.4.3.1     Market Status & Costs

4.4.3.2     Ideal Applications

4.4.4     Lithium Ion Batteries

4.4.4.1     Lithium Ion Chemistries

4.4.4.2     Market Status & Costs

4.4.4.3     Ideal Applications

5.     Key Industry Players

5.1   Introduction

5.2   Compressed Air Energy Storage

5.2.1     SustainX

5.3   Pumped Storage

5.3.1     MWH Global

5.4   NaS Batteries

5.4.1     NGK Insulators

5.5   Flow Batteries

5.5.1     Primus Power

5.5.2     RedFlow Technologies

5.5.3     ZBB Energy Corp.

5.6   Lithium Ion

5.6.1     A123 Systems

5.6.2     Electrovaya

5.6.3     Hitachi Group

5.6.4     LG Chem

5.7   ESG Value-add Players

5.7.1     ABB

5.7.2     AES Energy Storage

5.7.3     Alstom

5.7.4     S&C Electric Company

5.8   Utilities and Grid Operators

5.8.1     ESKOM

5.8.2     PJM Interconnection

5.8.3     State Grid Corporation of China

5.8.4     TenneT

6.     Market Forecasts

6.1   Methodology

6.1.1     Key Flex Points in the Model

6.1.2     ESG Baseline Figures

6.1.3     ESG Cost Figures

6.2   Global Market Forecast

6.2.1     Market Forecast by Region

6.2.2     Market Forecast by Application

6.2.3     Market Forecast by Technology

6.3   Conclusions and Recommendations

7. Company Directory
8. Acronym and Abbreviation List
9. Table of Contents
10. Table of Charts and Figures
11. Scope of Study, Sources and Methodology, Notes

List of Charts and Figures

  • Installed Energy Storage Capacity by Region, World Markets: 2Q 2012
  • Total ESG Market, Installed Capacity by Region, World Markets: 2012-2022
  • Total ESG Market Revenue by Region, World Markets: 2012-2022
  • Total ESG Market, Installed Capacity by Application, World Markets: 2012-2022
  • Total ESG Market, Installed Capacity by Technology, World Markets: 2012-2022
  • Total ESG Market Revenue by Technology, World Markets: 2012-2022
  • ESG Market, New Capacity Additions by Technology, North America: 2012-2022
  • ESG Market, New Capacity Revenue by Technology, North America: 2012-2022
  • ESG Market, New Capacity Additions by Technology, Western Europe: 2012-2022
  • ESG Market, New Capacity Revenue by Technology, Western Europe: 2012-2022
  • ESG Market, New Capacity Additions by Technology, Asia Pacific: 2012-2022
  • ESG Market, New Capacity Revenue by Technology, Asia Pacific: 2012-2022
  • Energy Storage Supply Chain
  • Primary Production of Renewable Energies in Europe
  • Percentage Share of Renewable Energy in Gross Final Energy Consumption
  • Schematic of Compressed Air Energy Storage
  • Second-generation CAES Design
  • Schematic of Pumped Storage
  • Advanced Lead-acid Battery Cycle Life Comparison to Other Advanced Batteries
  • Grid-scale Applications for NaS Battery Systems

List of Tables

  • Summary of Key Market Conditions in the ESG Market
  • AB 2514 Implementation Timeline
  • Funding Profile of Korea’s Smart Grid Program Through 2030
  • Key Applications for Energy Storage in China
  • Summary of the Operating Characteristics of Leading Advanced Battery Technologies
  • Characteristics of Li-ion Battery Chemistries
  • SustainX SWOT Analysis
  • MWH Global SWOT Analysis
  • NGK Insulators SWOT Analysis
  • Primus Power SWOT Analysis
  • ZBB Energy Corp. SWOT Analysis
  • Electrovaya SWOT Analysis
  • ABB SWOT Analysis
  • AES Energy Storage SWOT Analysis
  • S&C Electric Company SWOT Analysis
  • Key Flex Points in the ESG Model
  • Baseline Figures for Each Application in the Market Forecast
  • Installed Energy Storage Capacity by Region, World Markets: 2Q 2012
  • Installed Wind Capacity, European Union:  2001-2011
  • Installed Energy Cost by Technology for ESG, World Markets: 2012-2017
  • Installed Power Cost by Technology for ESG, World Markets: 2012-2017
  • Annual Growth of New CAES by Region, World Markets: 2012-2022
  • CAES New Installed Capacity by Region, World Markets: 2012-2022
  • CAES Average Duration of Discharge by Region, World Markets: 2012-2022
  • CAES Electricity Output by Region, New Capacity, World Markets: 2012-2022
  • CAES Power Cost by Region, World Markets: 2012-2022
  • CAES Energy Cost by Region, World Markets: 2012-2022
  • CAES Total Installed System Revenue by Region, World Markets: 2012-2022
  • Annual Growth of New Pumped Storage by Region, World Markets: 2012-2022
  • Pumped Storage Installed New Capacity by Region, World Markets: 2012-2022
  • Pumped Storage Average Duration of Discharge by Region, World Markets: 2012-2022
  • Pumped Storage Electricity Output by Region, World Markets: 2012-2022
  • Pumped Storage Power Cost by Region, World Markets: 2012-2022
  • Pumped Storage Energy Cost by Region, World Markets: 2012-2022
  • Pumped Storage Total Installed System Revenue by Region, World Markets: 2012-2022
  • Annual Growth of New NaS Batteries by Region, World Markets: 2012-2022
  • NaS Battery Installed New Capacity by Region, World Markets: 2012-2022
  • NaS Battery Average Duration of Discharge by Region, World Markets: 2012-2022
  • NaS Battery Average Duration of Discharge by Region, World Markets: 2012-2022
  • NaS Battery Power Cost by Region, World Markets: 2012-2022
  • NaS Battery Energy Cost by Region, World Markets: 2012-2022
  • NaS Battery Total Installed System Revenue by Region, World Markets: 2012-2022
  • Annual Growth of New Advanced Flow Batteries by Region, World Markets: 2012-2022
  • Advanced Flow Battery Installed New Capacity by Region, World Markets: 2012-2022
  • Advanced Flow Battery Average Duration of Discharge by Region, World Markets: 2012-2022
  • Advanced Flow Battery Electricity Output by Region, World Markets: 2012-2022
  • Advanced Flow Battery Power Cost by Region, World Markets: 2012-2022
  • Advanced Flow Battery Energy Cost by Region, World Markets: 2012-2022
  • Advanced Flow Battery Total Installed System Revenue by Region, World Markets: 2012-2022
  • Annual Growth of New Advanced Lithium Ion Batteries by Region, World Markets: 2012-2022
  • Advanced Lithium Ion Battery Installed New Capacity by Region, World Markets: 2012-2022
  • Advanced Lithium Ion Battery Average Duration of Discharge by Region, World Markets: 2012-2022
  • Advanced Lithium Ion Battery Electricity Output by Region, World Markets: 2012-2022
  • Advanced Lithium Ion Battery Power Cost by Region, World Markets: 2012-2022
  • Advanced Lithium Ion Battery Energy Cost by Region, World Markets: 2012-2022
  • Advanced Lithium Ion Battery Total Installed System Revenue by Region, World Markets: 2012-2022
  • Annual Growth of New Advanced Lead-acid Batteries by Region, World Markets: 2012-2022
  • Advanced Lead-acid Batteries Installed New Capacity by Region, World Markets: 2012-2022
  • Advanced Lead-acid Batteries Average Duration of Discharge by Region, World Markets: 2012-2022
  • Advanced Lead-acid Batteries Electricity Output by Region, World Markets: 2012-2022
  • Advanced Lead-acid Batteries Power Cost by Region, World Markets: 2012-2022
  • Advanced Lead-acid Batteries Energy Cost by Region, World Markets: 2012-2022
  • Advanced Lead-acid Batteries Total Installed System Revenue by Region, World Markets: 2012-2022
  • Annual Growth of All Energy Storage Technologies by Region, New Capacity, World Markets: 2012-2022
  • All Energy Storage Technologies Installed New Capacity by Region, World Markets: 2012-2022
  • All Energy Storage Technologies Electricity Output by Region, World Markets: 2012-2022
  • All Energy Storage Technologies Total Installed System Revenue by Region, World Markets: 2012-2022
  • All Energy Storage Technologies Installed Capacity by Technology, World Markets: 2012-2022
  • All Energy Storage Technologies Total Installed System Revenue by Technology, World Markets: 2012-2022
  • Grid Asset Optimization, Capacity by Technology, World Markets, 2012-2022
  • Renewables Integration (Wind), Capacity by Technology, World Markets, 2012-2022
  • Renewables Integration (Solar), Capacity by Technology, World Markets, 2012-2022
  • Arbitrage, Capacity by Technology, World Markets, 2012-2022
  • T&D Upgrade Deferral, Capacity by Technology, World Markets, 2012-2022
  • Total Capacity by Application, World Markets, 2012-2022
  • New Capacity Additions of All Energy Storage Technologies by Technology, North America: 2012-2022
  • New Capacity Revenue of All Energy Storage Technologies by Technology, North America: 2012-2022
  • New Capacity Additions of All Energy Storage Technologies by Technology, Western Europe: 2012-2022
  • New Capacity Revenue of All Energy Storage Technologies by Technology, Western Europe: 2012-2022
  • New Capacity Additions of All Energy Storage Technologies by Technology, Asia Pacific: 2012-2022

Posted in Energy Storage, Research, Smart Energy, Smart Utilities, Utility Innovations

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